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12-31-2009, 14:52
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İngilizce tekil-çoğul isimler
PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
(İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ) a)Çoğu isimin sonuna –s & -es takıları getirilir. Singular Plural : boat - boats hat - hats house - houses river - rivers b) Eğer bir ismin son sesi sessiz harf + y den oluşuyorsa, - ies ismin sonuna eklenir: Singular Plural a cry - cries a fly - flies a nappy - nappies a poppy - poppies a city - cities a lady - ladies a baby - babies c) çoğul halleri düzensiz olan İsmler: TEKİL ÇOĞUL woman women man men child children tooth teeth foot feet person people leaf leaves half halves knife knives wife wives life lives loaf loaves potato potatoes cactus cacti focus foci fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabus syllabi/syllabuses analysis analyses diagnosis diagnoses oasis oases thesis theses crisis crises phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum data d) bazı isimlerin hem tekil hemde çoğul halleri aynıdır: Singular - Plural sheep - sheep fish - fish species - species aircraft - aircraft e) bazı isimler hep çoğul biçimde kullanılır ve çoğul fil alırlar: trousers : My trousers are too tight. jeans: Her jeans are black. glasses : Those glasses are his. savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits DÜZENLİ & DÜZENSİZ İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ b) box – boxes church – churches brush – brushes class - classes buzz - buzzes Final –es is added to nouns that end in –ch, -sh, -ss, and -z c) baby – babies party – parties city – cities poppy – poppies Words ending in consonant + y take –ies as a plural suffix. d) man - Men Foot- feet Ox – oxen Tooth – teeth These nouns have irregular forms, so there is no specific rule. Woman - women Mouse - Mice Child - Children Goose - Geese e) echo – echoes potato – potatoes hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes Some nouns ending in –o take final *–es. f) auto- autos photo- photos studio – studios ghetto-ghettos piano- pianos tattoo- tattoos kilo- kilos radio –radios video – videos memo-memos solo- solos zoo- zoos soprano – sopranos kangaroo- kangaroos Only the final –s is added to some nouns ending in – o g) memento – mementoes/ mementos volcano- volcanoes/ volcanos zero – zeroes/ zeros mosquito- mosquitoes/ mosquitos tornado – tornadoes/ tornados It is possible to add –es or –s to nouns in this category. h) calf –calves life – lives thief- thieves half – halves loaf- loaves wolf – wolves knife- knives self- selves scarf – scarves shelf – shelves Some nouns that end in –f or fe are changed to – ves to form the plural. i) belief – beliefs cliff- cliffs chief – chiefs roof – roofs Some nouns ending in –f are not changed and simply – s is added to form the plural. j) deer – deer series – series means - means fish - fish sheep – sheep shrimp – shrimp offspring- offspring species – species Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses m) formula – formulae/ formulas vertebra – vertebrae n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes index- indices/ indexes o) analysis – analyses basis – bases crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses oasis – oases thesis- theses parenthesis – parentheses p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula datum – data medium – media memorandum – memoranda Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals. Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses m) formula – formulae/ formulas vertebra – vertebrae n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes index- indices/ indexes o) analysis – analyses basis – bases crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses oasis – oases thesis- theses parenthesis – parentheses p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula datum – data medium – media memorandum – memoranda Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals. |
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